2007 se saldará con un récord de familias en quiebra económica

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Desde que la Ley Concursal entró en vigor en septiembre de 2004, ya son 242 las familias o particulares que se han declarado en quiebra en España. La nueva norma prevé que no solo las empresas puedan presentar “suspensión de pagos”, sino también aquellas personas que acumulan más deudas de las que pueden afrontar. La nueva medida se ha utilizado poco durante los dos primeros años de vigencia, pero todo apunta a que al final de 2007 la cifra de particulares que soliciten concurso será mucho mayor.

 

La norma clásica de la economía familiar decía que no había que endeudarse por encima de un 30% de la renta disponible cada mes, un límite que a la vista de los datos actuales parece más bien utópico.
 
Según el último informe sobre el consumo y la economía familiar de Caixa Catalunya, entre el año 2000 y el 2006 la deuda de las familias ha avanzado a un promedio anual cercano al 16%, alcanzando en 2006 el 115% de su renta disponible. Este contexto, sumado a la tendencia según la cual cada vez se ahorra menos, se aguantaba en un momento en que los tipos de interés no daban sustos y los préstamos personales se concedían casi sin pedirlos, pero ahora las cosas han cambiado y cada vez son más las familias y particulares que se encuentran con deudas que no pueden afrontar.

El abogado José Manuel Calavia, socio del bufete Mazars y Asociados, recuerda el caso de un cliente “que vino hace algún tiempo contándome que se había comprado un coche mucho mejor del que necesitaba, sólo porque en el banco le ofrecían préstamos baratísimos”. Y el mismo Calavia es el que ahora asegura que “cada vez hay más personas y empresarios que nos vienen a ver porque se encuentran con el agua al cuello, y se preguntan qué salidas tienen para hacer frente a sus deudas”.

Entre las salidas disponibles, desde septiembre de 2004 existe una ley que da cobertura tanto a empresarios y profesionales como a particulares y familias que se encuentren en una situación de sobre endeudamiento. La nueva Ley Concursal (que sustituye y reunifica los antiguos procesos de “suspensión de pagos”, “quiebra”, “quita y espera” o “concurso de acreedores”), tiene como objetivo principal conseguir que las empresas o particulares puedan afrontar sus deudas sin tener que cesar su actividad. Es decir, si antes se tiraba directamente hacia la liquidación de los patrimonios y el cierre de las empresas para pagar deudas, ahora se intenta renegociar las deudas y dar un respiro a los deudores para que puedan pagar sin cesar su actividad.

Un triste récord

La entrada en vigor de la nueva ley llegó en plena expansión económica en España y se usó poco, pero ahora empieza a repuntar y todo apunta a que 2007 se saldará con un récord de familias en quiebra en España. Según datos del Registro de Economistas Forenses (Refor), las familias que se declaran en quiebra se triplicaron en el tercer trimestre, cuando 23 particulares solicitaron concurso para solucionar una situación de sobre endeudamiento. De estos 23 individuos (que llevan el total de concursos de particulares hasta 242 desde septiembre de 2004), 20 son personas físicas sin actividad empresarial y tres son personas físicas con actividad empresarial, como podría ser el caso de los autónomos.

La directora del Refor, Inés Landín, resalta la importancia de esta cifra, que podría apuntar a un repunte ‘muy pronunciado’ del número de familias en quiebra a finales de año debido, en parte, a la posible desaceleración económica y al creciente endeudamiento de las familias en España.

Según José Manuel Calavia, “más que una intuición, el futuro aumento solicitudes de concurso es para mi un dato empírico. Durante el segundo trimestre, teníamos dos o tres consultas al mes sobre si convenía o no solicitar concurso. Ahora, y especialmente desde finales de septiembre, tenemos una o dos consultas a la semana. Lo típico es preguntar qué me pasará si no aguanto las deudas, etc… y cuando la gente te pregunta es que ya está con el agua al cuello. Esto es tan válido para empresas como particulares. El año pasado no tuve ninguna consulta de un particular, y ahora sí que estamos recibiendo algunas personas que quieren saber si les conviene esta vía”.

Una solución poco práctica

La nueva Ley Concursal podría parecer una solución perfecta para las familias españolas, pero existen algunas grietas en su formulación que hacen que, a la práctica, sea una ley mucho más pensada para las empresas que para los particulares.

Veámoslo así: un proceso judicial siempre supone un gasto, y cabría preguntarse si una familia que ya está con el agua al cuello puede permitirse precisamente un gasto más. El director del Centro de Estudios de Morosología de la Escuela de Administración de Empresas (EAE), Pere Brachfield, asegura que “si una familia tiene problemas para llegar a pagar sus deudas, es evidente que no podrá embarcarse en un proceso judicial que le supondrá un enorme gasto y que puede durar varios años hasta que haya una resolución. Tal y como está hecha la ley, resulta impracticable para los particulares”.

Según el abogado José Manuel Calavia, “es verdad que la ley da más ventajas a los empresarios y profesionales que a los particulares”, y “si no se dispone de algunos contactos o amigos que puedan hacerte un favor, resulta carísimo”. El proceso concursal supone unos gastos fijos para el abogado, el procurador, y el administrador concursal. “Si no dispones de alguien de confianza que te pueda hacer las gestiones gratis y conseguirte un buen trato con el procurador y el administrador, es demasiado caro, y resulta inviable”.

Según Brachfield, la nueva ley es insuficiente, y habría que actuar a partir de ahora en dos frentes. Por un lado, “formular una ley especial para regular las situaciones de insolvencia sobrevenida para los consumidores, de manera que se paralice durante un tiempo la ejecución de las deudas para que se puedan reorganizar y tratar de salir adelante”. Y por otro lado, en su opinión, “sería necesario crear unas oficinas autonómicas oficiales al margen de los juzgados, que actúen como intermediarios entre la persona física y sus acreedores, y que emitan acuerdos vinculantes entre ambas partes”.

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